Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments Introduction: Depression is one of the parts of mental disorder which is affecting millions of people worldwide. [6] The logical analytical approach used in clinical and forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs as a cause of intoxication is largely based on both simple and fast screening methods which cover their extraction and identification including detection of their possible metabolites is been tried to reviewed. Antidepressant: Types Functions Antidepressant drugs cover many varieties of drugs having different modes of actions like [16] etc. Adverse effects Antidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children accompanying other disorders like depressive and psychiatric disorders. [17] [18] [19] The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might be increased the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. [31] TCAs and MAOIs can produce similar kind of side effects like Tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention, cardiovascular effects , hypotension, respiratory depression, coma etc. [4] Thus, these drugs may be responsible for the fatality and intoxication and can produce severe effects. Also their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, its increasing prescription rate and adverse effects resulting in a growing interest for determination methods in the Clinical and Forensic field. Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant Drugs Biological samples are the basic requirement of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology as it solve several related questions which make basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the above two fields. The matrices generally encountered for analysis are urine [34], hair, nails, vitrous humour etc. The most important biosample used for analytical purposes is Blood. It is a liquid connective tissue of the body composed of different kinds of blood cells suspended in a fluid called plasma. Blood (plasma, serum) is one of the best choices for quantitative and qualitative measurements of drugs of interest because pharmacological or toxicological effects correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood. [42] Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs, forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. [43] Taking Forensic concept in postmortem cases if the positive finding of drug occurs in urine shows that the detected substance or its parent compound might be present in the body some time before death [48] A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen found is Oral fluid for their applications in therapeutic and toxicological drug monitoring [54] When analytical studies get concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window Hair could be as a best biological matrix for the identification and analysis of drugs. It is supposed that drugs or chemicals enter in to hair by passive diffusion from blood capillaries into growing cells and the mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical applications of hair analysis has been well reviewed showing practical utility of hair analysis. [62] Except from all the above given matrices one very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where the extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. [64] Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver [71], cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encounter for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices. Techniques for Sample Preparation Several methods have been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological fluids for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. [96] These kinds of techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical applications to reduce both time and labor required to produce bioanalytical results. Thus we can say that these methods give a high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range and contribute in formulating very fine detection techniques. Some Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their Metabolites Several new antidepressants that inhibit the Serotonin (SERT) and Norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently use for therapeutic purposes. [108] are showing below. Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug and â€Å"its principle metabolite is desmethylsertraline.† [41] Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug, Fluoxetine has been used worldwide in the therapy of major depression. (3) â€Å"It is primarily metabolized via N-demethylation by the [117] Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor. [78] Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs which includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. [39] In the majority of published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, in combination to different kinds of colums operating under different separation conditions, mobile phases and detectors has been used. These were tried to review in the table given below. With high-performance liquid chromatography the analysis is done by using different kinds of detectors like Fluorescence detector, UV detector, Mass detectors etc. For ex. a high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in human plasma where Fluorescence detector was used. [140] A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of biological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector system and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below. TABLE Abbreviations:APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thus, this table is framed for the comparative study of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Thus, analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques. Conclusion: As the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to Toxic or Fatal Drug interaction. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of papers published every year. Therefore they may be encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target latest analytical and instrumental methods used for detection and characterization of Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focus on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of work required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world and by using non-destructive and sophisticated newer instrumental techniques we can also built a new strategy of examina tion and investigation for the drugs of interest. However, in this study, a decision about whether a studys findings are positive or negative cannot always be based strictly on the primary outcome measure. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern and despite the success of such methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from both clinical as well as from forensic prospect.

Merchant of Venice Outline Essay

In the play The Merchant of Venice Shylock, a rich Jewish moneylender in Venice agrees to loan Bassanio three thousand ducats on Antonio’s guarantee. Shylock is made to be the villain in the Merchant of Venice because of some of the things he does. But even though he may not have been the only one in the wrong, he is still guilty of the deadly sins of, avarice, envy, and wrath. Shylock is guilty of avarice for these reasons; for one Shylock loans money to Antonio at the cost of a pound of flesh if Antonio does not pay him back. Shylock knows that Antonio will not be able to pay him back, so that is why he chose a pound of flesh as punishment. Secondly Shylock does not work for wealth, instead he loans out money with very high rates of interest and makes money that way. Lastly the fact that Shylock is based upon greed. For example when his daughter Jessica runs away taking his money and jewels he was only angered at losing his money but not his daughter. Shylock is guilty of envy for these reasons; for one Antonio lends out money with little to no interest while shylock lends out money with very high interest so it makes Shylock’s business go down. Secondly, when in court Portia led Shylock to believe that he was going to be able to take a pound of flesh from Antonio, so Shylock was happy that he was going to be able to hurt Antonio and get his revenge. Shylock is guilty of wrath for these reasons; one as a Jew, Shylock has great disdain for Christians and that is why he agreed to the loan of money to Antonio, so that he could get a Christian to pay for the mistreatment he claims he has been given. Secondly, when Shylock was in court and the proceedings did not go his way he began to get angry. Lastly when Shylock became enraged because his possessions were stolen by his daughter, instead of trying to see the real reason why his daughter did what she did. So in the end there are many ways to prove Shylock a bad person. Whether it be that he is full of greed or just out to get revenge, Shylock is still guilty. But even though he may not be the only one in the wrong, he is still guilty of the deadly sins of, avarice, envy, and wrath.

Failing Forward Essay example - 1025 Words

Zack Ray Ms. Paulson TAG 9 28 May 2013 Failing Forward Failing forward is a very important thing to know how to do for personal growth and leadership. Every great leader and successful person has learned how to fail forward. To Fail forward there are fifteen steps. I believe that these steps are fairly accurate, but I’m not really an expert on leadership myself I say these steps are accurate because for each step he gave specific examples of how certain people used one of these steps and eventually becomes successful. For example, in chapter two, Maxwell talks about Truett Cathy, the founder of Chick-fil-A. First Truett and his brother Ben opened a restaurant called the Dwarf Grill. After becoming a successful business, tragic†¦show more content†¦Eventually all the original monkeys were replaced, and no monkeys had received the cold shower, so none of them would climb the pole, but none of them knew why. These monkeys represented failure in the workplace, and how people are prone to get into ruts, or continue to make the same mistake over and over again. This chapter is about changing your response to failure by accepting responsibility. The monkeys, at the end had no reason not to climb the pole, so none of them were accepting responsibility. The final example is showing how it takes many failures to be successful. There are two groups in a clay sculpture class. One group is graded on quantity of the clay. Fifty pounds of clay is an A, forty pounds of clay is a B and so on. The other group is graded on quality of the clay sculptures made. This group was only graded on how well one piece of pottery was made. Can you guess which group created better quality pottery? Contrary to what you might think, the first group made better quality clay sculptures. This demonstrates that people learn more from failing than not failing at all. Throughout this book Maxwell talks about how if you do not fail often, then you are not being creative or adventurous enough. This can be a pplied to businesses, where most people fail around five or six times before actually succeeding, or just to your own hobby, like sports. All in all the stories in this book are very important to the book. This I think isShow MoreRelatedFailing Forward Explains That Most People Fail At Some1275 Words   |  6 PagesFailing Forward explains that most people fail at some point in their lives it is how you chose to learn from the failures.   These failures allow us to learn from our mistakes.   You can turn a failure into a learning experience and while it is hard to face any type of failure once you accept that you failed you can grow from that situation. The book takes into account that failure is unavoidable and you need to learn from all your mistakes. 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Social Justice Towards Students With Disabilities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1533 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Justice Essay Did you like this example? Today there are laws that guarantee the rights of people with disabilities and to help them not to be discriminated against, to receive the necessary accommodations at work and school, to receive specialized services to meet their educational needs and to receive a free and appropriate public education, unfortunately, none of these two require inclusion. Multiple investigations have shown that the inclusion of exceptional students in classrooms with students of the regular current is beneficial for all when the support systems and necessary resources are provided, high expectations are held, parents and the school community are involved, professional preparation for the staff, and the development and use of technology is supported.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Justice Towards Students With Disabilities" essay for you Create order Much has been said recently about the Special Education Program and how it has failed to provide services to students with disabilities. Everyone believes they have the solution, but what many propose is not in accordance with what has been shown to benefit these students. It is known that some people believe that the problem with children with special needs is solved by removing them from schools and placing them in special schools, segregated from others, despite the countless number of mothers who have to fight to enforce the rights of their children. children, including, the right to be an integral part of society and the school community. We also hear in the media people who brand the special education program as a problem. It is obvious that the root of the problem is not children with disabilities or mothers who defend their rights. Part of the problem is that, after so many years of implementing the special education program in the Department of Education, we still have a lon g way to go, many barriers to overcome, mainly attitudinal barriers. We know what it takes for these students to optimize their quality of life and maximize their potential. So what is the problem? Who is responsible? Why are people still talking about segregating exceptional students or students with disabilities? The answer varies according to the group to whom it is asked. Some say that the problem is the Department of Education, which is very politicized, that there is a lot of bureaucracy, that money is not used properly, that work is not done as it is. Others point out that the demand for services exceeds the capacity of the Special Education Program, that there is a cut in funds, that the corporations that serve the program do not do their job well, that there are children who are misdiagnosed. Some say that teachers are not committed, that they have become tired and others respond that teachers do not have the necessary resources to do their job well. Everyone must assume their responsibility. Teachers and specialists must work in favor of inclusion, but at the same time they must be provided with the necessary tools to be able to serve these children effectively. The services must be offered promptly and efficiently. The control of the use of the funds must be continuous and agile. Universities must train highly qualified teachers who can serve diverse students. There will be teachers who do their work without commitment and parents who do not assume their responsibility. But there are also many parents, mothers, teachers, specialists and public servants who are committed to making a difference. We need to strive to work for those who are entrusted to serve. You have to give them the opportunity to be who they can be by providing them with a quality education. The right to education has to do more than having the right to learn, to assist the development of each individual, therefore the only way to comply with this is that the educational system is oriented to operate on the basis of diversity. And that implies that the entire educational strategy is diversified according to the multiplicity of students and rhythms in cognitive development, learning speed, etc. This is very difficult since the educational system still works with a sense of homogenization especially in terms of educational strategy so it is a very difficult challenge to pass on to heterogeneity. The barriers begin with the architectonic, for example, to include people with disabilities, there are many cultural barriers in these world of prejudice and stereotypes that threaten equality opportunities that just consider diversity. There are also pedagogical barriers, which is something super important with respect to educational actors and the school itself. I believe the school is largely not ready to work on inclusion issues and especially the training and professional development of teachers who are not prepared for the challenges that inclusion implies. Putting this in motion implies a tremendous change in the formation given by the universities to the professors, implies a change in school so that it undergoes a strong reorganization. I would say that we are only prepared in few aspects of life, but to be honest, we are never well prepared for anything because we think everything is perfect and nothing will happen, until it happens. The most important thing here is to clearly see the degree of preparation that needs to be improved, until it allow us to reach an inclusive education system based on an inclusive culture. The cultural changes are long-term, so the preparation for this will never be enough but we have to start somewhere, now. At the moment, there is no ideal proposal for an effective inclusion plan, in fact, there is a strong tendency in the system to simply think of inclusion as obtaining non-discrimination laws, which does not cover everything. Inclusion doesnt mean non-discrimination, that is just a part of it. It is a much greater problem that implies a cultural problem, which is that inclusion is not linked exclusively to differential education. One of the problems to overcome is to stop linking i nclusion with differential education, it obviously includes the problem of disability but inclusion has to do with the problem of diversity and not with disability. When you are a parents and your children are doing well in school, it is almost inevitable to think that those who do not go so well have a problem. But there is a tendency to believe that the problem is only of those children and their families, and it is rarely considered a social problem, or a problem that affects everyone as an educational community. And sometimes even you can get to value positively that these children are separated from the path of the best, so they do not put a brake on their competitive academic results. These children deserve the same opportunities as others, but to really have them, they must be cared for correctly. We should accept them as they are and believe in them, in their inclusion in society. The solution to all this great set of special cases is inclusive education. Inclusive education is defined as a process aimed at responding to the diversity of students. And it is related to the presence, participation, and achievements of all students. It mean s offering a common education for all students who recognize, value, and adjust to the characteristics of each of them, trying to avoid a segregated school. That being said, it sounds like utopia. Students in need of support in an inclusive school would not have to leave the classroom to be cared for, or might do so at the least possible times, since the methodologies used are such that they favor the learning of all students, whether or not they have educational needs. For me the benefit of inclusion is clear, because diversity enriches people, it makes us more tolerant, more understanding, more open. Living in an active way with children with different characteristics is an experience that is not learned in a textbook or a digital board. Being aware of others difficulties, and trying to make others understand and accept each others differences, makes children more tolerant, more open, collaborative and empathetic. I think it is a much more humane education, perhaps children forget history or science ones, but learning derived from a normal coexistence with other children with different needs, surely lasts throughout their lives. The main challenge would be to transform the school as a space where equality becomes a practice focused on balanced attention, identical to the specific needs of each student. The pedagogical practice must achieve this differentiated attention, understanding that being different belongs to human nature. This includes not only the students but also the teachers and all the educational agents; to all those who in one way or another are involved in the teaching-learning process and are taking on the challenge of an inclusive education, like myself. For this reason, it is necessary to train those schools that do not implement adequate inclusion, because they harm both the person who is included as well as the children of the regular school group they host. Which is why I will be working closely with every teacher and staff around me, fighting for the inclusion of all these students. I will encourage equality of opportunities, provide personalized education, encouraging participation, solidarity and cooperation among students, to improve the quality of education and the effectiveness of the education system.